10-14 Changes in dermal collagen, elastin fiber quality, proteoglycans, and water content all contribute to stiffening of the dermis with age. 9 The most consistent feature of skin aging is stiffening of the stratum corneum and dermis. Sun exposure (ultraviolet and infrared radiation), smoking, and other extrinsic, environmental factors combine with intrinsic aging signals (chronologic age, hormonal status) to produce typical histologic features of aging skin. Compression, tension, and shear forces applied to the face during sleep may have an even greater impact on wrinkle development than gravity alone. Pierard's “gravitational wrinkles” result from the impact of external forces due to Earth's gravity. Gravitational wrinkles due to skin sagging in response to gravitational forces and inelasticity. Pierard recognized 4 categories based on histological differences and suggested causes: 6-8Ītrophic wrinkles develop in exposed and non-exposed skin, disappear with skin traction, change in orientation with body posture, and are due to atrophy of the extracellular matrix.Įlastotic wrinkles develop in sun exposed skin, exhibit solar elastosis, become progressively permanent, and do not disappear with perpendicular traction.Įxpressional wrinkles due to subdermal muscle contraction, become permanent with repeated wrinkling. 2-5 To date, sleep wrinkles have not been recognized in any classification system. 1 Various wrinkle classification systems have been proposed to categorize based on differences in wrinkle histology and mechanism of development. Wrinkle scales exist that are oriented toward treatment or grading of wrinkles for comparisons. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors determine biochemical and cellular aging changes and these, in turn, determine the biomechanical properties and ability of skin to respond to internal and external forces. Why do wrinkles occur? Wrinkles are only one component of a complex series of changes that occur as we age. We suggest these are sufficient reasons to reconsider wrinkle classification and consider the possibility that facial distortion during sleep not only results in sleep wrinkles, but may also contribute to overall facial aging. Sleep wrinkles differ from expression wrinkles in mechanism of origin (external forces vs internal muscle contraction), location (wrinkles likely occur at the limits of retaining ligaments vs site of muscle contraction), and directionality (mostly perpendicular to each other). The rate and severity of wrinkling varies as skin ages in response to intrinsic and extrinsic influences combined with repetition of force patterns. In a young face, wrinkling is transient with animation and sleep wrinkles disappear on awakening. ![]() Wrinkles can become permanent with time and repetition. In contrast, the only external forces acting on the face in the supine position are gravitational. Compression, shear, and stress forces result in facial distortion in side or stomach sleeping positions. Sleep wrinkles develop in response to distortion created when the face is pressed against any sleep surface. While facial animation is responsible for the most significant wrinkle patterns, not all wrinkles of the face are due to muscle contraction. ![]() When we consider wrinkles we generally think of the lines of facial expression. Next year, she will be selling her miniature plants at The Tom Bishop Show in Chicago.Wrinkles are inevitable and while a few lines may be endearing, most of us would prefer to keep them in check. ![]() Plants are a constant theme of her miniature homes, too, and creating tiny greenery has become a specialist area. The flat is filled with 71 plants, all different, with tropical displays in the south-facing bedroom and a much-loved philodendron that stretches across the whole wall in the lounge. As a self-proclaimed fan of the biophilic trend, Hannah wants as much nature in her home as possible. An antique white cabinet also came from the street. A rustic wooden coffee table came from a second-hand furniture shop for £20 and a patterned brown chair came from someone’s skip outside their house. The flat’s neutral colour scheme complements crown moulding, wooden flooring and an ornate fireplace in the living room. The two-bed’s high-ceiling interiors are flooded with light from its large bay window, and there is access to a front and rear garden. ![]() Natsuki the cat lives here too (Picture: freelance photographer who grew up in Japan, Hannah now shares the north London maisonette with her boyfriend and their cat, Natsuki.
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